Hungarian refugees (above) leaving Camp Kilmer, NJ. (Rakosi, notably, had distanced himself from Judaism before his rise to power, and was an adamant atheist.) He again became Chairman of the governing Council of Ministers. The Hungarian Scholar program was launched by establishing an office on December 19 at the official refugee center at Camp Kilmer, New Brunswick, NJ (currently, Piscataway, NJ). Combined, these Phoenix metro refugee organizationsemploy 25 people, earn more than $979,804 in revenue each year, and have assets of . Postal Address Hungary: Kzp-eurpai Egyetem | Ndor u. Iglesias Cristiana El Buen Pastor, which in English means the Good Pastor Christian Church, has . Army Tidies Up Camp Kilmer For 5,000 Refugee Hungarians First Are Due Next Week. This would lead the country's Socialist Party, lead by former Communists, to regain many seats in the 1994 elections - though this lead to little change in economic policies - and lead to more support for European Union affiliation. In the 1900s, though, more permanent residents settled in New Brunswick, setting up their own churches and social clubs. Philosophers with radical leanings voiced their support of the rebels, like Albert Camus in his open letter, "The Blood of the Hungarians." USA.gov, 1956 Dec. 3 (date added to Look's library). Anyone can read what you share. The realignment of Fort Sheridan, IL, by relocating the 244th Aviation Brigade to Fort Dix coupled with the Department of the Navy recommendation to close NAS Willow On the evening of the 23, a crowd of 100,000 marched through the city to the radio station, with the idea of broadcasting their demands to the country. No, the item is not digitized. Books We Read @ Chang Library Twitter page. 8EtV/J"E5jKP )p8sH=FRAt[ibx[owmQzD7_c$."*}qO9//,:E&E3A|fry]zY?g`[pKm ikyH^|:7y|3,?] s}^W B$("A&H A1iGFa>rU~GkYZ-'''QDLa This recommendation is the result of a nation-wide analysis of Reserve Component installations and facilities conducted by a Revolution in Hungary. The Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief embraced the initiatives. team of functional experts from Headquarters, Department of the Army, the Office of the State Adjutant General, and the [2] (The lower-case 'soviet' in this case means factory council. disestablishment of the 99th Regional Readiness Command allows for the establishment of the Northeast Regional with Rutgers web sites to accessibility@rutgers.edu or complete the Report Accessibility Barrier or Jobs | These experts were sometimes able to suggest a specific academic or industrial opening available immediately. exchange at the Kelly Support Center after the BRAC recommendations are approved and the effects on the area population Provide Feedback Form, Rutgers, The State University of Check for digital images: In a small number of cases, selected images from a job have been digitized and display online: Copy the information in the Call Number field above (e.g., LOOK - Job 54-2946), Go to the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog home page, and enter the Call Number in the "Search All" blank and press "Go". Meanwhile, some new Soviet social programs were better-recieved than others. item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for Austrias leaders initially welcomed the Hungarians, but the country was soon overwhelmed. A second photo gallery specifically dedicated to honoring the tireless work of Gary Filerman and his colleagues in Camp Kilmer, NJ has also been published. They erected 1,120 buildings, including rows and rows of wooden barracks, seven chapels, five theaters, nine post exchanges, a gym, three libraries, four telephone centers, a post office, a 1,000-bed hospital, 28 miles of roadway and about 11 railheads that fed into the main line, according to a Kilmer historian. The crushing of the Budapest councils was a major point of rupture. (Most images display only as thumbnails outside the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on site.) During the Cold War after the failed 1956 Hungarian Revolution 30,000 refugees were resettled at Camp Kilmer. Camp Kilmer operated more like a small city than a typical army facility and servicemen had access to all types of entertainments and activities. Please use the digital image in preference to requesting Sixty-five hundred people were allowed to enter the US on immigrant visas, while the rest arrived on a parolee basis under an emergency provision of the Immigration Law, the former requiring a sponsor for one year, the latter with fewer legal requirements. Provide Feedback Form. Readiness Command Headquarters at Fort Dix, NJ, which will further support the re-engineering and streamlining of the Strikes and sit-downs in factories in Hungary and Poland had inspired one another throughout 1955. The society has been identified as a CIA front, but Stephenson said he did not know that at the time. Camp Kilmer Map The post was activated in June 1942 [1] and the first unit to arrive at Camp Kilmer was the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment, a complement of 1,239 enlisted men and 52 officers. Even after Camp Kilmer was closed on April 30, 1957 and the Presidents Committee was deactivated in May, 1957, the Academys teams continued to interview refugees in the new location at the Hotel St. George in Brooklyn from May 1 through December 8 as well as at its Mission in Vienna, Austria. In November 1956, the United States launched Operation Mercy as a mission to help process Hungarian refugees from the latter years of the War. Despite its inactive status, Camp Kilmer personnel still participated in humanitarian operations. In our world of inexplicable hatred towards immigrants, Id like to share a Rutgers story related to refugees who fled the Hungary after the Russians invaded Budapest on November 4, 1956. Campgrounds & recreational Meals were provided in the University Commons on meal tickets, and each person received a small weekly allowance. But many Hungarians still felt betrayed- they had been expecting U.S. aid against the Soviet attacks, aid that never materialized as Budapest fell. Besides the co-directors an administrative officer worked at Camp Kilmer as assistant director. http://osaarchivum.org/digitalarchive/index.html, Bureau of Public Secrets. A new photo gallery documenting how Hungarian refugees were treated from their arrival to their eventual resettlement is now available on Blinken OSA's website Hungarian Refugees in 1956. Cook Campus [8], Digital recreation of pamphlet issued to troops billeted at Camp Kilmer, Digital Archives of New Jersey History, Camp Kilmer information, Camp Kilmer Online Exhibit from the National Archives at New York City, National Archives and Records Administration, Map of Middlesex County, New Jersey shows the location of Camp Kilmer straddling the border between Edison Township (then known as Raritan Township) and Piscataway Township, National Archives at New York City, Camp Kilmer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_Kilmer&oldid=1106337940. There was a brief transition to democracy, as the monarchy was dissolved and democratic elections were held in 1945 and 1946. American officials praised these refugees as freedom fighters, giving them a heroes' welcome and help settling into new homes. In the fall of 1950, with hostilities in Korea, the camp was reactivated. Cooks prepared meals heavy in caloriesup to 4,300 calories per day for each refugeedesigned to counteract food deprivation, and they stockpiled infant formula for the youngest escapees. the greater New York City area with relocation of those units to Fort Totten. 2006. The 78th Division (TS), nicknamed the "Lightning Division" or "Jersey Lightning", is the lineal descendant of the 78th Division of World War I and the 78th Infantry Division of World War II. savings, and is consistent with the Army's force structure plans and Army transformational objectives. PA, and relocation of multiple subordinate units to Pitt USARC, PA; and the closure of five US Army Reserve Centers in Immediate clothing needs were handled right after arrival, and later the Womens League of Rutgers also rushed to help with a private collection of clothing. But many of these writers, and people active in the NKOSZ, would soon form the Petfi Circle, a group of intellectuals that lead the ferment of revolutionary ideas in the 1956 uprising. ", Laszlo Papp recalls his experience as a delegate to the Greater Budapest Workers' Assembly during the revolution, where the majority of members agreed on the goals of "national independence, Hungarian socialist structures instead of Communism, and democracy.". She recalls, that after the second Soviet offensive on the 4th, there was a time of uncertainty. When they got to the radio station on Sandor Street, the AVO (Soviet police) had the building heavily guarded. Call ahead to arrange a time to visit. fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room Scholars estimate that close to 3,000 Hungarians and 700 Red Army soldiers died in the fighting that finally ended on Nov. 11 with a Soviet declaration of victory. Negative number begins with: LC-L92, L922, L924, or L927. As Russia centrally controlled the Hungarian government via the Communist Party, so also Communist Party chapters around the world reported back to the authority of the Comintern, falling into line with the orders from Moscow rather than making decisions independently. Did you like this story? Born in New Brunswick, he graduated from Rutgers College with an A.B. Construction began in early 1942. [7] A few extant structures are now occupied by the Timothy Christian School. A new photo gallery documenting how Hungarian refugees were treated from their arrival to their eventual resettlement is now available on Blinken OSAs website Hungarian Refugees in 1956. These nonprofits included the National Catholic Welfare Conference, Church World Service, United Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, and the International Rescue Committee, among others. serendipityherbals says: August 17, 2013 at 5:44 . Refugees were screened and selected upon arrival in the United States based on their qualifications, educational, industrial, and research backgrounds. %%EOF Invited talk at the Rutgers 250thAnniversary event: The Cold War at Camp Kilmer: Hungarian 56ers, Cubans, and US Refugee Policy in New Jersey. Northeast Region of the United States. This recommendation provides the opportunity for other Local, State, or Federal organizations to partner with the Reserve These writings - and later, the theory of the Italian operaistas - would show a strengthening tendency in international politics that was strongly anti-capitalist and oriented towards neither the East nor West side of the Cold War - nor even to the non-alligned bloc in Africa and Asia. Reading Room. Editors: Jnos M. Rainer - Katalin Somlai, p. 79-96. Around October 23, the anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, I cant help feeling proud to remember how Rutgers stepped up and helped a small group of Hungarian scholars and graduate students. recommendation and creation of these new command structures will enhance military value, improve homeland defense few minutes. Most crossed by foot into Austria. Give us some feedback at cishistory.library@uscis.dhs.gov. Dr. Stephen Temessy worked for the program as an assistant to the director, translator, interpreter, reporter and analyst of group feeling. These ranged from scientists or ministerial officials with detailed knowledge of intra-Bloc operations, to private soldiers with knowledge of troop and supply locations in one limited area." Copyright 2023, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. INS Commissioner Joseph M. Swing recalled that the Hungarian refugee crisis challenged every operation of the service. Yet by the end of 1957, he could declare a victory for the INS. ", "The total result of the effort seemed to be that the overwhelming majority of the gaps in intelligence information on pre-revolutionary Hungary were filled," Corriden wrote. The realignment of Pitt USARC, Coraopolis, PA, by the The United Nations echoed Austrias pleas, and over 20 member states responded, including the U.S. On Nov. 8, President Eisenhower declared that 5,000 Hungarians would be awarded visa numbers remaining under the 1953 Refugee Relief Act, and INS Commissioner Joseph M. Swing sent INS employees to Vienna to begin processing the refugees. The welcome sign is in Hungarian. Stephenson has since retired from Rutgers. ], Some of the children who left Hungary with their families fit into the Cold War narrative, growing up to become American soldiers and making statements like "I fought them in Vietnam because I was too young in Budapest." Health care needs were minimal, since there were doctors in the group. Coriden's "Report on Hungarian Refugees" focuses on "the collection of the intelligence information and material from the Hungarians who were admitted to the US." These photographs, now part of OSA's collection, document the daily activities of Gary L. Filerman, a true friend of Hungarian refugee students, and his colleagues in Camp Kilmer. 3 of the new Rutgers dormitory-classroom development in New Brunswick. Official websites use .gov hb```e``g`c`Igd@ A& vh`H]a[GwkHo``YYYY1H`(Xf@@.@elrL? After registering as a refugee with a U.S. Embassy, non-governmental organization (NGO), or with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), refugees are either admitted as candidates for resettlement directly by the U.S. The end of the 1980s did not see popular unrest or street fighting in Hungary on the level of 1956, rather, political parties negotiated with the Hungarian Parliament and Moscow leaders. In 2006, I was in the Archives processing the papers of the Reverend Bradford Abernethy, Rutgers University Chaplain and found a thin folder labeled Hungarian scientists. From there, some began finding their way to the United States. The Austrian government immediately recognized her as a refugee. In the early months of 1956, tensions heightened. The book "56 Stories" is a wide-ranging compilation of first-hand accounts and photography, put together by Edith Lauer and the Freedom Fighter 56 History Project. Writers were hired to work for "Sazbad Nep," a newspaper that was controlled by the Russians. United Nations, 1957. www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/unreport/unreport.pdf, Report on Hungarian Refugees. The facility covered over 1,500 acres and consisted of 1,120 buildings, including rows of wooden barracks, seven chapels, five theaters, nine post exchanges, a gym, three libraries, four telephone centers, a post office, a 1,000-bed hospital, 28 miles of roadway, and about 11 railheads that fed into the main line. Division at Fort Dix, NJ.. Secretary of Defense Justification: This recommendation transforms Reserve Component facilities and command and control structure throughout the Northeast Region of the United States. Exhibits Work of IAS Resident Artist Andrii Dostliev, CEU Joins The Europaeum A Network of 18 Leading European Universities. In the late 1970s, Filerman was among the founders of the American Refugee Committee, an international non-profit and non-sectarian relief organization, and served on its board for many years. In France and Great Britain, organizations split or expelled people for differing from the Party line. The Committee immediately became an operating agency to coordinate the work of government and private organizations, which facilitated the settlement of Hungarian political refugees. Note: Around October 23, the anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, I cant help feeling proud to remember how Rutgers stepped up and helped a small group of Hungarian scholars and graduate students. INS cooperated with external agencies and nonprofits to guide the refugees into American life. The Arizona Refugee Resettlement Program (RRP) supports refugees through transitional benefits and contracted community partners as they resettle in the United States. Yes, the item is digitized. ", Seeking to find out if this body of collected intelligence - like Corriden's report - was ever made public, I found my way to an essay entitled "Uninvited Guests" by a David Price. Individuals with disabilities are encouraged to direct suggestions, comments, or complaints concerning any accessibility issues A major economic crisis was looming throughout the region; inflation, and national debt were rising sharply. The screening protocol was extremely important. the State of New York will close NYARNG Armories: 47th Regiment Marcy Armory, Brooklyn and Brooklyn Bedford But the crop that is rising will surely not turn out to be the one which [US Secretary of State] Mr Dulles expected By an angry twist of history, it seems that the crop is coming up in students, workers and soldiers councils, as anti-Soviet soviets." Grove, PA, and relocate Co A/228th Aviation to Fort Dix consolidates Army aviation assets in one location. the original. Bradford Abernethy. Rutgers is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. When the man said that, no, the students were demanding withdrawal of the Russians, they said he must be crazy or drunk. | 1051 Budapest, Hungary or complete the Report Accessibility Barrier or from Columbia Law School in 1915. support capabilities of the Army Reserve to the Active Army. The post was activated in June 1942[1] and the first unit to arrive at Camp Kilmer was the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment, a complement of 1,239 enlisted men and 52 officers. External Link Disclaimer | Five days after the fighting first broke out, a crying woman walked across the Hungarian border into Austria, where troops greeted her with food and drink. In 1958, Congress passed a law that allowed Hungarian parolees to become legal permanent residents. President Eisenhower announced the appointment of the Presidents Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief on December 12. })(); Arrival of first Hungarian Refugees at Camp Kilmer, NJ. When he found out about the true nature of his work in 1957, he wrote "The CIA and the Professor: A Personal Account. These councils, cropping up in Hungary at the time, had also appeared as central players in the Russian Revolution decades before - so central, in fact, that the country was renamed after them. Many settled in New Brunswick, which had a thriving Hungarian American community in its Fifth Ward. In early 1957, Filerman headed the effort to process 1600 Hungarian students and by the end of March succeeded in obtaining scholarships for 800 of them at one of the 600 American universities participating in the World University Service (WUS). The United States received a first contingent itself in time for a Thanksgiving dinner at Camp Kilmer in New Jersey. At the same time, the Academy actively searched for positions by posting a request in. The unit arrived July 22, 1942 on three separate trains from Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. Radio broadcasts warned people not to be tricked into giving up their arms. To further support restructuring; the realignment of Fort New Jersey. The concentration camp scenes for the 1964 movie The Pawnbroker were filmed in the section of Camp Kilmer which had been used for the movement of prisoners-of-war. It turned out to be a treasure trove of information one often bumps into in archives, even though it took several years to track down the whole story that I am sharing below. 877 0 obj <>stream yBZ#jc=902C7xT?hC6:j:glQ!wFKg%)^R'J'8+O'I+P8t? Fort Dix, resulting in a new operational capability for the Army Reserve. ", "On the one hand, I felt offended and resentful," said Stephenson. The site was selected in 1941 by the War Department as the best site to serve the New York Port of Embarkation. It was Budapest's statue of Petfi that demonstrators rallied around on October 23 - but first, they converged on the statue of Polish general Jzef Bem, also a leader in the 1848 wars. An uprising in the Polish provence of Poznan in June of 1955 had also been an impetus to the Hungarians. The purpose of the center was to help identify and place refugees with advanced scientific or other professional training. Imprint/Impressum, New Photo Gallery of 1956 Hungarian Refugees in the US Now Available, A new photo gallery documenting how Hungarian refugees were treated from their arrival to their eventual resettlement is now available on Blinken OSAs website, Academic Cooperation and Research Support, Vera and Donald Blinken Open Society Archives, Democracy in Question: Ken Opalo on the Prospects of Democracy Across Africa, GO WEST! The 1956 Institute and the Hungarian-American Federation both offer online digitizations of first-hand photography, news footage, later interviews and more. This is a notice that your wiki is eligible for removal. For information see "Look Magazine Photograph Collection, Rights and Restrictions Information. However, a humanitarian crisis was soon to follow. Later, dissident communists like the Situationists and Autonomists would look at the democratic workers' councils that Hungarians formed that October, and hold them up as an example of 'true' communism against the USSR's brutal 'state capitalism.'. Consideration of these avoided costs . in 1911 and an A.M. in 1914, then an LL.B. First, a staff member of the Academy conducted extensive preliminary interviews. The Livingston College campus currently sits on 540-acres acquired by Rutgers in 1964. Her photo ran on the front pages of newspapers across the United States. Meanwhile, in November 1956, the National Academy of Sciences (the Academy) formally resolved to assist Hungarian colleagues who wished to continue their scholarly activities in the United States. The camp was also served by the Port Reading branch of the Reading Railroad and the Amboy branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. their off-site, cold storage facility. A comparison with Slovak perceptions of the Polish October Clue that a LOOK Magazine Photograph Collection image is affected is: When Russian authority replaced Horthyism after the war, Jewish people were able to integrate and advance more in society. Edith Lauer. Read more: About the President's Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief. Many went to refugee camps in Austria and West Germany. In March 1958, Camp Kilmer became Headquarters for the U.S. Army II Corps, the controlling headquarters for United States Army Reserve units across the northeast. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. It was compiled from submissions of academic and industrial employers invited by the Academy to assist, or from jobs offered by employers after reading about the program in the press. Laszlo Fulop, at the time a mechanic in a Budapest factory, later an architecture professor in Minnesotta, recalled that when another worker came into the factory talking about the students marching, the others first dismissed it as probably another Party-staged rallies promoting official propaganda. Included are General Orders, Circulars, Memorandums, SOP's, and Bulletins, all documenting procedures for the reception and processing of the Hungarian refugees. The language teaching faculty included three members of the Department of Romance Languages. useSpan: true In 1958, Camp Kilmer became the home of the Reserve . information, see "Rights Information" below and the Rights and Army Reserve Regional Readiness Command. While it was somewhat active during the Korean War, Camp Kilmer lost its status to Fort Dix as the major processing point by the mid 1950s and was made inactive shortly after in 1955. 59 Dudley Road } ), document.getElementById('js-entry-create-at')); As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. It officially closed in 2009. In 1989, with the weakening of the Soviet Union, Hungary and the other satellite nations of Eastern Europe saw resurgent nationalist movements that lead to their breaking-away and becoming independent of the USSR, which would be completely gone within the next two years as new regimes took hold of Russia as well. Refugee Registration Process: From Cards to Camp Kilmer Refugee Research Database. You may wish to consult with Prints and Photographs Division reference staff Example: \u201ccomputer\u201d","enableEntryTitles":false,"timeDisplay":"am-pm","currentLocaleCode":"en","dateFormats":{"longDate":"MMMM Do, YYYY","shortDate":"MMMM Do, YYYY","longDateNoYear":"MMMM Do, YYYY"},"timeZone":"America\/New_York"},"search":{"eSearch":{"switchSortingToRelevance":true}},"calendar":{"getAppointmentUrl":"\/default\/calendar\/get-calendar-appointment"},"watchlist":{"localStorageExpiry":5},"theming":[]}, Remarks by Secretary of the Army, Wilber M. Brucker - November 19, 1956. They had a very important role in carrying out the Presidents purpose of cutting all red tape and yet carrying out the basic regulations. While some politicians opposed the operation, fearing that the Hungarians would spread communist ideas, INS investigators found very few refugees who had lied to enter the country or showed evidence of radical sympathies. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol2no1/html/v02i1a07p_0001.htm, OSA Archivum. An early attempt at a mass youth organization, Madisz, failed. If it lists more than one item, select images for reproduction through one of these methods: Reproductions of all types are available, but Duplication Services anticipates an Camp Kilmer also housed a maintenance and repair facility supporting the Nike/Hercules missile sites in the greater New York metropolitan area. About | This was an extraordinary achievement, considering that in some cases the students full academic records were not available from Hungary, and many of them had language or other initial handicaps. It was followed by more in-depth interviews, which also included counseling and an evaluation of the scientists potential. can be assessed. Nagy, along with a few other Party dissidents, took shelter in the Yugoslav embassy, but was then captured and imprisoned when trying to leave the country. hbbd``b`:$ H} $ 9H_7 [r "But we feel the same way they do." The symbolism of the fights against Tsarist Russia would become part of the mythology for the fight against the USSR. However, the BRAC 2005 Commission accepted DoD's proposed closure of the Camp, and so the Headquarters of the 78th Division headed to Fort Dix. For instance, it was where I first learned about the United Nations report which was an invaluable guide throughout my research. Recalling the atmosphere after November 4, he said it was a time of defeated "compromise" when "instead of national solidarity, [there] was alienation, distortion, and selfishness." Heavier trailer Camp Shelby Ms Px Camp Shelby Ms Px . Would the new councils re-assert themselves? But in rural areas, there were several murders of Jews during the height of the nation-wide fighting. training, mobilization, equipment readiness and deployment. OR purchase copies of all of the materials in one or more media associated with the LOOK Job. magazine and in other media.They also started to build a database of available positions. New Jersey People's History Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In Budapest, a set of Sixteen Points were agreed upon and advanced as a set of revolutionary demands. The Newark, New Jersey, district immigration office initially reassigned workers to Camp Kilmer to handle the influx, assigning workers to a rotating schedule of 24-hour duties including inspections, investigations, legal oversight, records creation, and what managers called myriad incidentals. As the operation continued, and thousands of refugees entered the country each day, more East Coast INS employees relocated temporarily to New Jersey to help. Ground forces put up pockets of resistance, joined by dissenting soldiers and tank commanders, keeping power in some areas until November 10. Stephenson went on to have a long career at Rutgers. Troops were quartered at Camp Kilmer in preparation for transport to the European Theater of Operations in World War II. Camp Kilmer dominates the story of flight from Hungary in 1956-1957 for many Hungarian Americans who experienced the Revolution, and with good reason: roughly four-fifths of them came through the camp, and their subsequent integration into American life was largely successful. [3]. The failure of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the plight of some 200,000 refugees leaving Hungary in its aftermath constituted an embarrassment for the government of the U.S., which had provided moral support to regime opponents through Radio Free Europe, but then failed to aid the rebels during the revolution. Today, Rutgers owns a substantial portion for its Livingston College. First-hand accounts of fighters note that "political parties were organized within a few days," and their groundbreaking new publications expressed a "bewildering variety of opinions." Library of Congress Duplication Services can make copies of various types: Contact sheets can be ordered as quick copies (photocopies). Legal | Reference staff can direct you to this surrogate. when you are outside the Library of Congress because the Many of the accounts in 56 Stories are of emigrants who went on to study architecture, music or engineering in the United States. Voorhees later wrote that there were about 50 refugees who were declared. In the following days, fighting broke out between Hungarian revolutionaries and communist loyalists across the country. consistent with the Army's force structure plans and Army transformational objectives. Then, too, Russian forces had tried to take control of Poland and Hungary - that time, aligned with the Austrian Empire. have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with The 1956 collection contains the notable Donald and Vera Blinken collection, of hundreds of interviews with street fighters, and has the following index of other related materials. In the immediate aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Federal Emergency Management Agency created a temporary headquarters at the facility.[5].