upgradeProxy will create the following transactions: Deploy the implementation contract (our BoxV2 contract). In this section, we will create two basic smart contracts. deployProxy will create the following transactions: Deploy the implementation contract (our Box contract). Learn more about OpenZeppelin Contracts Upgradeable in Contracts: Using with Upgrades. In this guide we will use a Gnosis Safe but you could also use any supported multisig such as a legacy Gnosis MultiSigWallet. Kindly leave a comment. A similar effect can be achieved if the logic contract contains a delegatecall operation. The process of creating an upgradeable contract and later upgrading is as follows: Create upgradeable contract. Since these are internal, you must always define your own public initializer function and call the parent initializer of the contract you extend. UUPS proxies rely on an _authorizeUpgrade function to be overridden to include access restriction to the upgrade mechanism, whereas beacon proxies are upgradable only by the owner of their corresponding beacon. Upgrade? A ProxyAdmin to be the admin of the proxy. Learning new technology trends,applying them to solve problems is fascinating to me. So, create Atm.sol. This allows us to change the contract code, while preserving the state, balance, and address. Now that we have a blank canvas to work on, let us get down to painting it. Sign up below! In the end, we did not actually alter the code in any of our smart contracts, yet from the users perspective, the main contract has been upgraded. You just deployed a smart contract to the Polygon Mumbai Testnet using Openzeppelins Transparent Upgradeable proxy. Create an upgradeable smart contract using OpenZeppelin's Plug-ins for Hardhat; Compile and deploy the contract on the Mumbai Testnet using Hardhat; Verify the contract using Polygonscan API; Upgrade the contract and verify the results; What You Will Need. Thanks to the OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugin, its quite easy to modify a contract while still preserving important things like address, state, and balance. Defender Admin to manage upgrades in production and automate operations. Transparent vs UUPS Proxies Explaining the differences between the Transparent Proxy Pattern and the newly available UUPS Proxies. Upgrades Plugins Plugins for Hardhat and Truffle that abstract away the complexities of upgrades, while running automated security checks to ensure successful upgrades. Make sure that all initial values are set in an initializer function as shown below; otherwise, any upgradeable instances will not have these fields set. Overview Installation $ npm install @openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable Usage An uninitialized implementation contract can be taken over by an attacker, which may impact the proxy. In the second contract, we merely add a function decrease(), which will decrease the value of the variable by 1. I see know that OpenZeppelin is at version 3.4.0. It is different from the deployment procedure we are used to. Run this command in the terminal: Note, you'll need to input the V2 contract address in the command above. To propose the upgrade we use the Defender plugin for Hardhat. 1. We need to keep track of our proxy address, we will need it later. Initializer functions are not linearized by the compiler like constructors. Give yourselves a pat on the back. const { alchemyApiKey, mnemonic } = require("./secrets.json"); // Declare state variables of the contract, // Allow the owner to deposit money into the account. Controlling upgrade rights with a multisig better secures our upgradeable contracts. However, keep in mind that since its a regular function, you will need to manually call the initializers of all base contracts (if any). Any secrets such as mnemonics or API keys should not be committed to version control. When deploying this contract, we will need to specify the initializer function name (only when the name is not the default of initialize) and provide the admin address that we want to use. Once you have transferred the rights to upgrade a proxy or beacon to another address, you can still use your local setup to validate and deploy the implementation contract. Heres what youd need to do to fix a bug in a contract you cannot upgrade: Manually migrate all state from the old one contract to the new one (which can be very expensive in terms of gas fees! With that in mind, here are the steps that we must complete to make a contract upgradable: First, we need to inherit an initializable contract. Why? We also need to add our Defender Team API key to the exported configuration in hardhat.config.js: Our hardhat.config.js should then look as follows: Once we have setup our configuration we can propose the upgrade. Plugins for Hardhat and Truffle to deploy and manage upgradeable contracts on Ethereum. This is called a delegate call and is an important concept to understand. UUPS and beacon proxies do not use admin addresses. The code should look similar to this, Test your contract in test/Atm-test.js as illustrated below. The admin (who can perform upgrades) for our proxy is a ProxyAdmin contract. This is equivalent to setting these values in the constructor, and as such, will not work for upgradeable contracts. Lets deploy our newly added contract with additional feature, we use the run command and deploy the AtmV2 contract to dev network. You will not be able to do so. Specifically, we will: Write and deploy an upgradeable contract using the Upgrades Plugin for Hardhat, Transfer upgrade rights to a multisig wallet for additional security, Validate, deploy, and propose a new implementation using Hardhat, Execute the upgrade through the multisig in Defender Admin. We will save this file as scripts/upgrade_box.js. Additionally, Hardhat will create a .env file and install the sample projects dependency (e.g., @nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle ethereum-waffle chai @nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers ethers). If you are returned an address, that means the deployment was successful. We do NOT redeploy the proxy here. We can see the executed upgraded proposal in our list of proposals in Defender Admin and our contract has been upgraded. Deploy upgradeable contracts. Our Box instance has been upgraded to the latest version of the code, while keeping its state and the same address as before. An upgrade then involves the following steps: Send a transaction to the proxy that updates its implementation address to the new one. Furthermore, we now have the decrease function too. Because of this, a transfer in the implementation contracts code will actually transfer the proxys balance, and any reads or writes to the contract storage will read or write from the proxys own storage. To obtain a key, from the Defender menu in the top right corner select Team API Keys and then select Create API Key. Go into the contracts folder, and delete the pre-existing Greeter.sol file. When writing an initializer, you need to take special care to manually call the initializers of all parent contracts. Open up your terminal, and run these commands in succession: This installs the dotenv library and sets up an .env file in our hardhat project, which we will use to store sensitive data. This is the file that contains the specifications for compiling and deploying our code. On the implementation contract (i.e, the contract named V1) webpage, go to the Read Contract tab on Etherscan: As you can see, our only state variable has the value zero. It includes the most used implementations of ERC standards. OpenZeppelin provides a full suite of tools for deploying and securing upgradeable smart contracts. However note, if you changed any code in the implementation contract (e.g, V1), you'll need to verify it before you can continue. This constructor serves the purpose of leaving the implementation contract in an initialized state, which is a mitigation against certain potential attacks. * {ERC1967Proxy}, when this contract is set as the implementation behind such a proxy. Happy building! You should add .env to your .gitignore. This allows anyone to interact with your deployed contracts and provides transparency. You can have multiple proxies using the same implementation contract, so you can save gas using this pattern if you plan to deploy multiple copies of the same contract. You can then execute the upgrade itself from the admin or owner address. github.com technoplato/nash/blob/upgrading/migrations/3_nash_v3.js#L7 const { deployProxy, upgradeProxy } = require ("@openzeppelin/truffle-upgrades"); However, for that, you need to verify the contract V2 beforehand. Find all of our resources related to upgradeability below. Whilst this may be good enough for a local or testnet deployment, in production you need to better secure your contracts. We hope to be able to implement safety checks for this in future versions of the Upgrades Plugins. Once we have proposed the upgrade, the owners of the multisig can review and approve it using Defender Admin. Now, run the following command in your terminal to start Hardhat: If everything is installed correctly, your terminal will look like this: Congratulations! This installs our Hardhat plugin along with the necessary peer dependencies. Run these commands in your terminal to create the folder and navigate into it: Great! Here you will create an API key that will help you verify your smart contracts on the blockchain. If you have any questions or comments, dont hesitate to ask on the forum! Hardhatnpm install --save-dev hardhat2. As such, it is not allowed to use either selfdestruct or delegatecall in your contracts. Instead, we can use an OpenZeppelin implementation. Feel free to use the original terminal window youve initialized your project in. UUPS and transparent proxies are upgraded individually, whereas any number of beacon proxies can be upgraded atomically at the same time by upgrading the beacon that they point to. You can read more about the reasons behind this restriction by learning about our Proxies. Block. Check if there is an implementation contract deployed with the same bytecode, and deploy one if not. Notice how the value of the Box was preserved throughout the upgrade, as well as its address. The method OpenZeppelin uses is the design pattern named "proxy pattern." We will have two deployable contracts. This feature has been highly sought after by developers working in the space. Validate that the new implementation is upgrade safe and is compatible with the previous one. Why Upgrades? You just set up a smart contract development environment using Hardhat and installed additional dependencies that will allow us to deploy and verify upgradeable smart contracts. This does not pose a threat, since any changes to the state of the logic contracts do not affect your contract instances, as the storage of the logic contracts is never used in your project. Let us follow through with a few more steps to better cement these concepts in our minds. Once the installation is complete, you should now have everything you need to develop, test and deploy smart contracts on the blockchain. @nomiclabs/hardhat-etherscan is a hardhat plugin that allows us to verify our contracts in the blockchain. The Contract Address 0x187268bb5df3ef30602e8389a9a25d53a9702a99 page allows users to view the source code, transactions, balances, and analytics for the contract . Development should include appropriate testing and auditing. Depends on ethers.js. When I came across upgradeable contracts, I was taken aback a bit. The function initialValue() simply sets the initial value of the variable, while the function increase() increments its value by 1. See the section below titled. The logic contract contains a delegatecall operation Transparent vs UUPS Proxies Explaining differences! 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